MEASURING AND IMPROVING

YOUR

CONCURRENT CAPABILITIES

This packet contains material to help you assess and improve the state of concurrent product development in your organization. The material is divided into five main categories of assessment: Organization, Communication, Requirements Development, Product Development and MFG Process Development. Each of these five categories are further divided into sub-categories for a total of eighteen key areas of concurrent assessment. Each of these eighteen key areas begins with the Foci, the important criteria to measure within the area. This is followed by a series of questions titled How to Measure. These questions are to be applied to your organization using the assessment form. The questions are designed to measure the both what is known and what is actually done within your organization. They are divided into four levels of problem solving activity. These levels will be defined on the next page. Details on these measures can be found in the literature with many detailed in The Mechanical Design Process, McGraw Hill, 1992, by the author..

Care should be taken during the assessment and subsequent planning for improvement as it is not sufficient to preach the concurrent design philosophy, it must be practiced to have results.

LEVELS OF PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITY

Each of the eighteen assessments is divided along four possible levels of problem solving activity in a company: task, project, program and enterprise. Many large companies utilize all four levels during product development. However, in most medium or small companies some of these levels are combined. In reading through the definitions below, decide how many levels you will use in assessing your organization. Combine the questions from levels you are not considering into those for the next level. For example, if there is no clear "program" level in your company then "progra m" assessment questions should be combined with those in "enterprise." Try to be consistent.

The following definitions should help you decide how to divide your organization:

Task : Tasks refer to problem solving by one or a very few individuals focused on a single problem. If your product only has one major unit and only requires one or a few individuals to develop it, then most of your problem solving effort is at the task level.

Project : If your product requires a team of individuals who are in the same engineering discipline, then problem solving requires action on the project level. Sub-problems within the single-discipline project teams are solved on the task level.

Program : If your product requires separate engineering disciplines for different systems, then some problem solving is at the program level. Each system may need its own single-discipline project team. Representatives from these project teams form a mixed-discipline program team to manage the overall product development.

Enterprise : All the lower levels of problem solving combine to form the company- wide enterprise level. Here, the entire company (program teams supported by project teams supported by tasks), its vendors and customers are combined in the product development effort.


 

 

 

CONCURRENT ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT

 

 

I. Organization

I.A. Team Integration

Foci: Membership - Knowledge - Contribution

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Do individuals have necessary training and knowledge to complete tasks?

·  Do individuals know the information needs of their tasks and what information they need to develop?

·  Do individuals have knowledge of up-stream and down-stream tasks and their information needs and results?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  Do project teams include not only designers but support and fabrication members?

·  Have the skills needed to fulfill the project goals been identified and do the team members possess these skills?

·  Does project environment foster openness, candor and respect?

·  Is there a common vocabulary across all projects in the program to support schedule and technical discussion?

·  Is project Product Development Process (PDP) documented and understood?

·  Does each team member understand how each other member contributes to the success of the whole?

·  Are vendors and customers members of project teams as warranted?

·  Do project teams work effectively, meeting cost, time and quality goals?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  Does the program team understand the goals and critical success factors for each of the project teams?

·  Does the program team have the means for resolving resource conflicts across project teams?

·  Is program team Product Development Process (PDP) documented and understood?

·  Does each team member understand how each other member contributes to success of whole?

·  Are vendors and customers on the program teams as warranted?

·  Do program teams work effectively, meeting cost, time and quality goals?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Are customers members of the enterprise teams?

·  Are suppliers (software, computers and hardware) on the enterprise team?

·  Do suppliers share the risk and reward?

·  Is enterprise Product Development Process (PDP) documented and understood?

·  Does each team member understand how each other member contributes to success of whole?

·  Are vendors and customers members of the enterprise team as warranted?

·  Do teams work effectively, meeting cost, time and quality goals?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

I.B. Empowerment

Foci: Authority - Responsibility - Rewards

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Do individuals have authority to make decisions about tasks?

·  Do individuals accept responsibility for those decisions and documentation of them?

·  Do individuals have access to information (including requirements) and equipment needed to complete tasks?

·  Do individuals understand rewards before, during and after tasks are completed?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Teams at all levels

·  Is there management support for the team philosophy?

·  Do teams have the authority and accountability for their decisions?

·  Do teams know of team decision-making techniques and tools?

·  Do teams understand rewards before, during and after project or program is completed?

·  Are teams encouraged and empowered to make process improvements?

·  Do teams know where their authority and responsibility begin and end and feel free to identify topics not being addressed by them or other teams?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

I.C. Training and Education

Foci: Learning in discipline - Cross-discipline training - On-the-job training (OJT) - Process training - Team activities training

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Is support provided for individuals to learn from peer successes and failures?

·  Is cross discipline and OJT provided throughout enterprise?

·  Is training on the product development process (PDP) and other needed processes provided?

·  Is training and support provided for product development tools and methods?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

At all other levels

·  Is support provided for teams to learn from earlier successes and failures?

·  Is training on team activities and conflict resolution available?

·  Is cross discipline and OJT provided throughout enterprise?

·  Is training on the product development process (PDP) and other needed processes provided?

·  Is training and support provided for product development tools and methods?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never


II. Communication

II.A. Product Data

Foci: Completeness - Extent across enterprise - Change traceability - Multiple alternatives Support

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Is each individual responsible for accurate, complete and shared product documentation?

·  Is product data complete enough to support all product development activities?

·  Does product data tie directly to requirements and specification data?

·  Is data available in the form needed to all in the enterprise?

·  Can product data be easily archived, queried and extracted?

·  Are product data changes traceable?

·  Are multiple alternatives supported?

·  Is design and manufacturing data seamless?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level / Program Level

·  Is project and program level information reusable in other projects?

·  Is product data complete enough to support all product development activities?

·  Does product data tie directly to requirements and specification data?

·  Is data available in the form needed to all in the enterprise?

·  Can product data be easily archived, queried and extracted?

·  Are product data changes traceable?

·  Are multiple alternatives supported?

·  Is design and manufacturing data seamless?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Is product data valued as enterprise inventory?

·  Is product data complete enough to support all product development activities?

·  Does product data tie directly to requirements and specification data?

·  Is data available in the form needed to all in the enterprise?

·  Can product data be easily archived, queried and extracted?

·  Are product data changes traceable?

·  Are multiple alternatives supported?

·  Is design and manufacturing data seamless?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

II.B. Process Data

Foci: Product Development Process (PDP) Support - Design Rationale (Intent) Capture and Query - Extent Across Enterprise

How to Measure:

Enterprise Level

·  Is the PDP useable by all in the enterprise?

·  Are the decisions recorded and communicated?

·  Can the rationale of previous decisions be understood?

·  Are the affects of requirements and specifications on decisions traceable?

·  Are there consistent tools for reporting design decision information?

·  Is the company PDP followed?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

All other levels

·  Are the decisions recorded and communicated?

·  Can the rationale of previous decisions be understood?

·  Are the affects of requirements and specifications on decisions traceable?

·  Are there consistent tools for reporting design decision information?

·  Is the company PDP followed?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

II.C. Data Management

Foci: Distribution - Multiple Views - Consistency

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Is data only generated once (single entry)?

·  Is task information available to project team?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  Is project management data available to members of the program team?

·  Does project team identify needed hardware and software resources up front?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  Is program information such as status available to enterprise team?

·  Does program team solicit and understand hardware and software resources required by the project teams?

·  Can data be retrieved so that each team member can get the "view" needed?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Can anybody in the enterprise get the data they need in a timely fashion?

·  Is responsibility for data management is clear?

·  Does the enterprise anticipate and provide for needed software?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never


III. Requirements Development

III.A. Definition

Foci: Customers - Requirements Development - Product specifications - Total life cycle - Benchmarking

How to Measure:

How to Measure:

·  Does the individual know who the customer is and have appropriate access?

·  Does individual understand customer requirements and product specifications for each task?

·  Are customer requirements translated into measurable product specifications with targets prior to concept development?

·  Are additional requirements and specifications based on prior decisions available to individual (sub-tier traceability)?

·  Does individual understand mechanism for reporting status and progress?

·  Is benchmarking current company and competition products encouraged and supported?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  Does team ensure adequate analysis of project deliverables?

·  Does team understand mechanism for reporting status and progress?

·  Does team facilitate communication of customer requirements, product specifications and prior decisions to team members?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  Does program capture customer requirements?

·  Do all disciplines contribute to converting customer requirements into product specifications?

·  Is there a continuous process of measuring products, services and practices against the competition?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Does enterprise provide program access to customer?

·  Does enterprise team manage customer requirements to control risk levels in product development?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

III.B. Planning Methodology

Foci: Parallel tasks and projects - Information based tasks - Continuous improvement

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Are tasks parallel commencing with estimated inputs which are continuously refined as knowledge is gained?

·  Do all tasks have measurable deliverables?

·  Is task performance (time/cost/quality) tracked for future planning purposes?

·  Is the inter-dependency of information between tasks understood?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  Do project teams do task planning?

·  Is the PDP planning methodology adhered to by the project team?

·  Are all projects event driven with measurable deliverables?

·  Is project team performance (time/cost/quality) tracked for future planning purposes?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  Do mixed-discipline teams do program planning?

·  Are they accountable for use of the PDP planning methodology?

·  Is program team performance (time/cost/quality) tracked for future planning purposes?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Does the enterprise manage the planning methodology for each program?

·  Are suppliers and customers involved in improving the PDP?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

III.C. Standards

Foci: Company standards - Regulatory agency codes and standards

How to Measure:

Task level

·  Are individuals aware of relevant standards and do they adhere to them?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  Does the project have a documented standard process for projects?

·  Are project teams aware of relevant standards?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  Does program monitor adherence to standards?

·  Are program teams aware of relevant standards?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Does a standard mechanism exist for questioning and improving company standards?

·  Does enterprise team work with vendors to improve standards?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never


IV. Product Development

IV.A. Product Development Process (PDP)

Foci: Documentation - Knowledge - Use - Continuous Improvement

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  For each task, is the following information clear?

- name of the task

- owner of the task

- inputs to the task

- level of parameter estimation

- other task dependencies

- task deliverables (clearly measurable)

- methods to execute task

- methods (media) to communicate results

- resources available to complete task

- time to be spent on task

·  Are there goals for task process improvement?

·  Do individuals know who in the organization is responsible for continuous PDP improvement?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  For each project, is the following information clear?

- name of project

- team members on project

- inputs to project

- level of parameter estimation

- other project dependencies

- project deliverables

- tasks required to complete project

- methods to communicate results and resources

- time to be spent on project

·  Is the PDP usable and continuously being refined?

·  Are tasks concurrent with the information dependency relations known?

·  Are there goals for project process improvement?

·  Are other, successful company's processes benchmarked to aid in process improvement?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  For each program, is the following information clear?

- name of program

- team mix on program

- projects required for program

- how concurrent projects will be managed

- methods for communication of information within program

- environment for concurrent projects created and maintained

·  Are there goals for program process improvement?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Are downstream design phases accounted for during the design process?

·  Is environment for concurrent engineering created and maintained?

·  Are there goals for PDP improvement?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

IV.B. Concept Development

Foci: Multiple concept - Concept evaluation - Technology Readiness

How to Measure:

Task Level / Project Level

·  Are multiple concepts developed for each task or project?

·  Are the concepts developed with knowledge of customer requirements, product specifications and other tasks' decisions?

·  Are methods available and used for concept development and evaluation?

·  Are there methods for evaluating concepts with minimal commitment of resources?

·  Are all technologies used in concepts ready for the applications proposed?

·  Are critical parameters identified for each concept?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level / Enterprise Level

·  Are concepts using different technologies considered?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

IV.C. Product Optimization

Foci: Integration into process - Continuous Improvement

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Are there goals for continuous product improvement?

·  Does optimization focus on comparison of the product to the customer requirements?

·  Is product improvement a continuous activity?

·  Is design re-use supported?

·  Are the results of tasks complete in that they guarantee first time quality?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level / Program Level

·  Are major project decisions and the rationale for them documented, distributed and analyzed for guidance on other projects?

·  Is product optimization in-process rather than after the fact?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Is a supplier qualification program used to select vendors for products and tools?

·  Is product optimization continuously improved as part of a company-wide optimization strategy?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

IV.D. Evaluation Support

Foci: Testing - Simulation - Tools

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Is evaluation support (simulation, prototype testing) a planned activity?

·  Is the level of evaluation balanced with the maturity of the product?

·  Are tools and facilities for evaluation being continuously improved?

·  Are multiple evaluation methods considered?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level / Program Level

·  Do project and program plans ensure maximal use of evaluation results? In other words, are decisions made on the results of evaluations or is staying on schedule the driving factor?

·  Are the results of project evaluations communicated to all other disciplinary groups as needed?

·  Are tools made available to projects for testing and simulation?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Are all facilities and equipment made available to programs for testing and simulation?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

IV.E. Data Libraries

Foci: arts suppliers - Previous cases (product and process)

How to Measure:

Task Level

·  Are libraries of vendors data available and complete?

·  Is library integrated into the information system?

·  Are previous designs available as data?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Project Level

·  Are project level data libraries available and complete?

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level

·  Is a single library system used to manage the information of all the disciplines involved?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Enterprise Level

·  Is the library system linked throughout the enterprise?

·  Is it clear who is responsible for keeping information current?

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never


V. Manufacturing Process Development

V.A. Economic Evaluation

Foci: Cost estimation - Make/Buy decisions - Cost reduction programs

How to Measure:

Task Level / Project Level

·  Are designers supported so that cost estimations and the effect of product changes on manufacturing cost can be made in a timely manner?

·  Are cost estimates sufficiently accurate for the stage of product development (not too detailed nor too coarse)?

·  Are make/buy decisions made with complete estimation of both costs?

·  Are make/buy decisions made by the team responsible for the project or task?

·  Are cost estimates communicated to the next level up?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level / Enterprise Level

·  Are products designed to cost? In other words, are cost targets developed and communicated?

·  Is there an active cost reduction program?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

V.B. Concept Development

Foci: Process planning - Continuous evaluation - Manufacturing database

How to Measure:

Task Level / Project Level

·  Are multiple manufacturing process concepts developed for component or assembly?

·  Are the manufacturing process concepts developed in parallel with the evolution of the product?

·  Are methods available and used for manufacturing process concept development and evaluation?

·  Are all technologies used in concepts ready for the applications proposed?

·  Are critical process parameters identified for each concept?

·  Are design changes (ECNs) due to processing problems kept to a minimum?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

Program Level / Enterprise Level

·  Are manufacturing process concepts using different technologies considered?

·  Is the manufacturing process developed concurrently with the development of the product?

·  Do manufacturing engineers play an active role in process planning from the development of the engineering requirements onward?

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

V.C. Material Selection

Foci: Availability - Technology readiness - Processing Capability assessment

How to Measure:

All Level

·  Is material availability (in the quantities desired) ascertained early in the product development process?

·  Is sufficient knowledge about the materials (i.e. physical properties, manufacturing properties) available so that no surprises arise later in the product life?

·  Are there mechanisms available to insure knowledge of processing capability?

·  Is there an effort to use materials currently in use?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROGRAM -- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

ENTERPRISE - Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

V.D. Tooling / Equipment

Foci: development and purchase - parallelness to design process

How to Measure:

Task Level / Project Level

·  Are commitments to tooling manufacture and equipment purchase made early enough to minimize delays late in process?

·  Are critical features of the product determined early to allow for commitments to tooling manufacture and equipment purchase?

·  Are tooling development, and equipment specification and purchase seen as tasks parallel to the design activities?

·  Does product design seek to minimize tooling complexity?

·  Are datum and critical surfaces identified on drawings to facilitate tooling?

TASK ------ Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never

PROJECT --- Always Frequently Sometimes Seldom Never


E-Mail: ullman@engr.orst.edu