2.1 Explore Topics Introduction.

The relationships between our sources of news and what we think about the important issues those sources deliver to us can affect how we treat others related. Learn how in this introduction to fake news: Here’s How Fake News Works (and How the Internet Can Stop It)

Get caught up on how Macedonia continues to profit from the fake news industry:

• 'Fake News' Sites In North Macedonia Pose As American Conservatives Ahead Of U.S. Election (Oct 2020)
• Macedonia has a plan to quit being known as ‘fake news land’ (2019)
• Checking in with the Macedonian fake news strategist (2019)

The following activities will help you develop a better news-reading routine for your own edification as well as to improve your access to factual news for the purposes of this course.

2.2 Set up a news feed.

2.3 Set up the Template and Reading List.

Use the following template link to complete this research and writing assignment.

1. Login to your OSU Google Account.
2. Launch this chapter's
   • Section 400 Explore Topics Template.
   • Honors 001 Explore Topics Template.
3. Do not request permission to use the file. Login to your OSU Google Account.
4. Once you have the file open:
   1. File → Make a copy.
   2. Rename the new file so it includes your "First and Last name" in place of "Template".
   3. Move the file into a folder for this course.
5. Add your name to the cover page.
6. Read instructions on the cover page. When in doubt about how to write in the templates, refer back to this page for clarification.
7. Refer to the green instructions below each page to understand what is required.
8. The last page requires a bibliography.

Reading List

Refer to writing instructions under each page of the template. Open articles in new tabs and add them to your bibliography tool.

Free Speech

• Freedom of Speech USA (First Amendment)
• Limits on Freedom of Expression: China (2019)
• Freedom of Speech in India (First Amendment Act of 1951)
• Freedom of Expression and Information (European Union)

Censorship

• Freedom on the Net 2019: The Crisis of Social Media. More issues 2015 to 2018.
• Censorship by Google (overview) or read the Wall Street Journal's Don't Let Google Get Away With Censorship; Big tech companies enjoy legal immunity premised on the assumption they'll respect free speech. (Turn on VPN then login to your OSU Library account to access this resource.)
• Democracy Survey Do Americans think that we are adhering to our standards?

Hate Speech & Cyberbullying

• Hate Speech and Hate Crime
• Can Artificial Intelligence Predict The Spread Of Online Hate Speech?
• What Is Cyberbullying? (2019) or Current cyberbullying topics at the Guardian

Media Bias

• Evaluating Sources using the Media Bias Chart, Interactive Chart 5.1
  To understand the concepts of 'left' and 'right' (which the chart uses), view the interpretations by David McCandless and Stepfanie Posevec: 2010 Left vs Right World (2010) Infographic.

2.4 Edit, download, and submit the file.

1. Ctrlc or ⌘c Copy the bibliographic entries you made during the Explore Topics reading and research. On the last page of the template, Ctrlv or ⌘v paste in the bibliographic entries. Select the list and apply the bullet or numbered list icon. Update the font size to 14 if necessary. Add more pages if necessary.
2. Check and correct grammar and spelling using the built-in functions.
3. From the File menu, choose Download as PDF.
4. Check to confirm that hyperlinks work in the new PDF file. If they do not work, then in the Assignment Commenting Box, leave a note stating which platform, operating system, and browser you used to print or download the PDF file.
5. Copy the file to a backup folder on your hard drive.
6. Submit the PDF file by uploading it in the Canvas Assignment screen.
7. Confirm that your file has uploaded by looking for the document icon in the Grades area.

Examine a Facebook scandal(s). Write/discuss from a factual and critical perspective. Analyze the major player(s) in relation to an ethical theory. Counter another student's analysis with more research.

2.5 Performing Ethics = Rational Examination.

Looking at all aspects of a problem will help you, a company, or a government make rational decisions about what really happened, who is to blame, and what might fix the problem. A rational examination can include a review of who did what when, how, where, and why as well as a philosophical/analytical discussion backed up with ethical theories and approaches to allow the examiners to make determinations and decisions.

A rational examination typically includes these factors:

Who (Players)	What	When (Timeline)	Where	How (Technologies)	Why	Consequences	Laws
Whistleblowers Owners Manager Workers Lawyers Victims Bad Actors Legislators By-standers	Problems, Dilemmas Solutions, Actions	What happened when, where, and by whom?	Countries where the problem originated Countries that are affected by the problem	Software Hardware Electric grid Internet (wifi, cable, fiber) Cellular network Radio Waves Satellite Finances	Ignorance, Accidentally Negligence Poor Design Non-action Pressure, Coercion Obedience, Duty, Loyalty Greed Power Fear Hate As a joke Vengeance For recognition Political	Positive for some or for everyone? Negative for some or for everyone?	What are they called and where can you read them? What laws are missing? What laws need to be updated?

If the ultimate goal of technology is to improve the Quality of Life, then humans need methods to help determine if improvements in the quality of life have occurred. An ethical discussion of technology refers to the improvement of its users, the company that ordered it, and the individual workers who made it.

Quality of life is often measured by looking at a person's physical wellbeing, material wellbeing, social wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, and development and activity. Learn more from Felce and Perry.

2.6 Ethical frameworks for computer science.

Computer Scientists who study morals and ethics have agreed upon common frameworks to help them analyze their decisions. Besides understanding the difference between the concept of "morals" and "ethics" understand the two main frameworks so that you, too, can use them in your arguments for future case discussions:

Scroll through all three sections and hover over concepts to learn their meanings. View Devising an Ethical Framework in a new tab.

The Trolley Problem demonstrates how tough it is to make decisions based on 'the greater good'. View The Greater Good - Mind Field S2 (Ep 1). (35 min)

More discussion about the Trolley Problem is available from Philosophize This! Podcast (30 min):

See Chapter 10's option about using MIT's Moral Machine (a platform for gathering human reactions to self-driving car decisions) to design your own scenarios for a study, invite 20 or more humans to participate in the data-gathering, and analyze the results.

2.7 Facebook and Cambridge Analytica.

During Facebook's reign as the most popular social media platform, they have made many mistakes, including sharing our personal data without consent, not disclosing security breaches, recording our faces, and perpetuating fake news.

For this discussion, you will focus on their relationship with Cambridge Analytica and how it influenced elections around the world.

If you have access to Netflix, watch their 2019 documentary The Great Hack. The movie clarifies very clearly who did what when, how, and why. Also, search recent news for updates to the scandal.

If you don't have access to Netflix, or you want to round out your understanding of Facebook, then start with the following sources:

• The Facebook Timeline of Scandal and Strife by Justin Sanders of Creative Future.
• __ Days Since Last Facebook Scandal.
• 15 years of Facebook, 15 years of Controversy: A Timeline of Events by Nandini Yadav of FirstPost.
• Netflix's 'The Great Hack' Misses The Big Picture
• The Great Hack: the film that goes behind the scenes of the Facebook data scandal
• Facing Facts: A behind-the-scenes look at Facebook’s fight against false news.
• Cambridge Analytica email chain with Facebook sheds new light on data misuse scandal (2020 interview with whistleblower Brittany Kaiser)
• Major Players
  • Facebook's data scandal: Key names to know
  • Cambridge Analytica Main Players: Where Are They Now?

2.8 Participate in the Group Discussion.

1. Four days (section 400) before the Due date, start writing in a word processing document to synthesize what you learned about Facebook Scandal(s). Use research, including what you find in the SmartNews feed, library journals, broadcast news, etc.
   • In paragraph 1, describe and cite one of the major players in the scandal. Who did what when, how, and why? A major player can be a whistleblower, an owner, a manager, a worker, a lawyer, a victim, a bad actor, a legislator, or a by-stander.
   • In paragraph 2, describe and cite the positive and negative consequences of that person's actions.
   • In paragraph 3, describe and cite one of the ethical theories or approaches and how it pertains to that person's actions.
   • Check the word count (150+ per paragraph, not counting the author names or article titles).
   • Check the hyperlinks (they must be in article titles, law names, or theory/approach names).
   • Spellcheck, fix grammar, then Ctrlc or ⌘c to copy the paragraphs.
   • Click the Chapter 2 Examine a Case Discussion in Canvas.
   • Ctrlv or ⌘v to paste the copied text into a Reply thread (click the Reply field to activate the editing box).
   • Save your thread.
2. Before the Due date, reply to at least one person in your group.
   • In paragraph 1, discuss a counter-argument related to their analysis of the case. Describe and cite an article that supports your argument.
   • Check the word count (150+ not counting the author names or article titles).
   • Save your thread.

If you have questions about using the template, the research prompts, or writing conventions, you can share your file with the instructor.

Share a file from a cloud drive.

In order for others to see your working file without having to download or ask for account permission, provide a sharing URL/address so they can look at it live. Paste the URL into the Canvas Inbox message or Assignment Comment box.

1. Sign in to the OSU Google Drive. Provide your ONID userID and password.
2. Create your file on the OSU Google Drive.
3. Click the Sharing button at the top right of the screen.
4. Click the Advanced link on the lower right corner.
5. Click the Change link to view the choices.
6. Change the settings so that On - Anyone at Oregon State University with the link and Can view are selected.
7. Copy the resulting URL/address.
   
8. Paste the resulting URL into a Canvas Inbox message to the instructor (or if you have already submitted your file, provide it in the Assignment Commenting box).

Work offline without Wi-fi (Google applications)

If you will be out of wi-fi range, feel free to work on your Google files offline.

1. Click the blue Docs icon (or orange Slides or green Sheets icon).
2. Select the file(s) to use offline.
3. Select the 3-dot More menu
4. Toggle on the Available Until button.
5. Look at the list of files to view the new Available Offline icon next to the file name.

Writing Tutors

Consult one or more of these resource for a review of the structure of your writing, grammar, and spelling. Provide the tutor with a link to the instructions as well as your project online.

TutorMe's Writing Lab

Access online tutoring from inside Canvas. 3-hour turnaround.

OSU Online Writing Suite

Electronic feedback from home, asynchronous email consultation, or synchronous Skype consultation.

OSU Undergrad Research & Writing Studio

Drop in writing help with no wait times. Standard hours are:
Monday to Thursday → 10:00am to 10:00pm
Friday → 10:00am to 5:00pm, and
Sunday → 2:00pm to 7:00pm.

OSU Academic Integrity Tutorials

Citing sources and using TurnItIn.

Use the Service Desk if you have computer, ONID, or Canvas problems.

But first:

1. Logout.
2. Close the browser and relaunch it.
3. Login to OSU.
4. Still have problems? Contact Service Desk.